Class, Race, Gender And Crime - 3006 Words

The purpose of this paper is to first define intersectionality and how it is linked to issues such as class, race, gender and crime. Secondly, it will discuss why intersectionality is important to understand crime and justice. In order to understand the relationship between intersectionality and crime, a particular issue will be reviewed from the crime and delinquency issues of 2014. Out of the 52 articles, this paper will first look at the number of titles and abstracts that discuses race, class, gender or other social inequalities. Lastly, out of the 52 articles reviewed, five will be thoroughly examined and discussed that best address intersectionality and how these issues are link together. Intersectionality is the study of intersections between different disenfranchised groups or groups of minorities. The theory of intersectionality stems from various socially and culturally constructed categorical groups, who are discriminated against based on their race, class, gender or other social inequalities. Historically, these groups have interacted on multiple levels and are simultaneously oppressed, stigmatized, marginalized through many means, such as indentured servitude, mass incarceration, collateral consequences, etc. Additionally, the issues racism and sexism are intertwined on many levels, and cannot be abolished individually. Therefore, in order to eliminate these different types of oppressions, the system (body of government, society) should be made moreShow MoreRelatedCrime and Social Inequality1194 Words   |  5 Pages Crime and criminalization are dependent on social inequality Social inequality there are four major forms of inequality, class gender race an d age, all of which influence crime. In looking at social classes and relationship to crime, studies have shown that citizens of the lower class are more likely to commit crimes of property and violence than upper-class citizens: who generally commit political and economic crimes. In 2007 the National Crime Victimization Survey showed that families with anRead More3 Key Differences between Orthodox and Critical Criminologies762 Words   |  3 Pagesof crime without thinking of power relations. This thinking is shared by everyone and becomes a universal idea and these ideas are in the interests of everyone. However, certain groups of individuals are targeted and blamed for crimes based on their class, race, gender, sexuality and more. The theory of Critical criminology as defined in Primer in Radical Criminology is defined as â€Å"a way of doing criminology that frames the problem of crime in terms of the sociological forces of class, race, genderRead MoreAn Ethnography Of Wall S treet986 Words   |  4 PagesEmploying a Gender Lens When looking at the issue of corporate crime, it becomes apparent that gender is a factor that can play a significant role. Within the article An Ethnography of Wall Street, it is described that because of a social hierarchy, the majority of those in CEO positions are white males while those in lower positions tend to be more females. As discussed in the documentary Inside Job, the males in corporations featured tended to be impulsive risk takers which can be related to theRead MoreThe Inside Out Program : The Media s Portrayal Of Criminals947 Words   |  4 Pagesand curiosity or having a class in a correctional institution; others were weary and even asked why one would decide to take a class full of â€Å"hardened† criminals. This is what I thought as well when first hearing about the course. From the media’s portrayal of criminals, bombarding news viewers with the same cases to make it seem like we live in a cultivating world of violence, I was one of the â€Å"s heeple† who would follow the media’s words, condemning criminals for the crime they committed, saying theyRead MoreThe Social Learning And Behavioral Theory1617 Words   |  7 Pagesnon-fully developed minds and taking the experiences learned from years before and putting them to the test of the world. However, adolescence, which according to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) can also be the years where a significant number of crimes are committed, peaking at the ages from 15-19. While some studies agree that these young offenders usually, nearly 60-70% (NIJ), cease in their offenses as they get older and about only 52-57% continue on until the age of 25, their relations withRead MoreHow Race, Class, And Gender Influences Domestic Violence979 Words   |  4 Pages How Race, Class, and Gender Influences Domestic Violence Dennis Garcia Montclair State University Abstract: Domestic violence has become a very controversial crime in the United States. Although domestic violence has been around for many years, society now sees it as a threat to our homes. This type of crime is unique because it’s a nondiscriminatory crime; it can happen to anyone at any time. Domestic violence is also a dark figure crime, which means that it is a crime leastRead MoreGender Stratification : The Classification Of People Based On Their Biological Features984 Words   |  4 PagesGender stratification refers to the classification of people based on their biological features such as their sex. The term â€Å"gender stratification† is generally used to refer to the situation in which men are valuable than women. In this situation, men have greater access to prestige, wealth, and power in a society. Different societies tend to have different levels of gender stratification. In the United States, the main consequence of gender stratification is economic and soci al inequality betweenRead MoreSocial Control And Its Impact On America s Public Housing Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesdrug-infested, crime-filled, isolated centers of despair. During a time in which most American citizens could easily turn their eyes from the struggles of the poor, Sudhir Venkatesh’s Gang Leader for a Day took readers into the depths of the world in which the poor resided. Through Venkatesh’s work, readers are inadvertently introduced to broader sociological concepts such as, collective efficacy within communities, the concentration effect, recurring themes of morality, and the underlying power of race, classRead MoreThe Division Of The Nineteenth Century1387 Words   |  6 Pageshappened. Race, place, gender and class have been perpetuated in this century and have influenced the society from then. White people were obviously living better than black people; big cities always offered more opportunities and chances for people to find jobs; males were admittedly getting jobs easier and having higher salaries than females at that time; people who were in the upper class were undoubtedly enjoying more liberty and possessing more social properties than those were in lower class. TheRead More The Media As A social Problem Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems, and help combat social ills that are considered normal patterns of behavior. Yet, the mass media has largely failed in addressing and helping to solve social problems. As seen through its presentation of the three major variables of race, class, and gender, the mass media has actually served to contribute to the social problems it covers, reinforcing them, and creating an inter-related cycle in which these problems continue. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TV has become perhaps the primary vehicle

Disaster Management District Administration Essay

District administration is one of the most important parts of the Indian administrative system for disaster management. Right from the British period in India, it was developed to bring the totality of government closer to the people. It was hierarchical sub-system of the state administration performing the specific tasks assigned to it. After independence appropriate empowerment has been provided at various level of administration. In a multi-level planning framework the planning exercise is undertaken at national, state, district, block and village/habitation level. In India, district planning is seen in the third tier in the multi-level planning frameworks. Though at this level organizational arrangement has been defined for disaster†¦show more content†¦There can be various sources for identifying these issues. These are diagnosis of disaster preparedness scenario, participatory exercises needs to be undertaken at district, block, and village level. However there can b e two models of planning process for developing district plan of disaster management. These can be termed as top-down model and bottom-up model. In a top-down model the formulation of the district DM plan can done on this basis of inputs from studies, surveys, participatory meeting at various levels. Thus having these participatory exercises in which all stakeholders are involved identifies the grass root level problems. The top down model of district DM planning process is comparatively less time consuming. In the bottom-up model of district DM planning process, the district plans needs to be formulated on the basis of block plans which are made by integrating and consolidating the village and habitation plans. Thus the process starts at the village/habitation level and the first step is to formulate village/habitation plans or all the villages/habitations of the district. The second step is the consolidation of these village/habitation plans to formulate block level plans and f inally consolidating the block plans to formulate the district plan. This model, though ideally very proper, but is more time consuming as the exercise of formulating village/habitation plans for hundreds and thousands ofShow MoreRelatedDisaster Preparedness Pl Homeland Security Concepts And Directives961 Words   |  4 Pagessolitary, thorough system for the administration of city occurrences. It gives the structure and instruments to the coordination of state backing to the affected nearby governments and influenced people and organizations around it. This disaster preparedness plan clarifies the regular train and structures that have been practiced and developed at the neighborhood, tribal, state, and national levels after some time. In particular, it expands upon the National Incident Management System, which gives a reliableRead MoreA Brief Note On Inter Agency Coordination And Collaborations Impact The Success Of A Humanitarian Relief Operation1553 Words   |  7 PagesAbstr act The primary aim of all agencies involved in disaster relief is to help people and reduce human suffering. But due to the participation of multiple agencies from wide backgrounds, with different interests, visions and financial capability, proper coordination and collaboration between the parties involved, remains a point of concern. Little or zero pre disaster collaboration is found between nodal agencies. The sudden onset of a disastrous event and unpredictability of immediate respondersRead MoreCommunication Facilities for Disaster Management System4466 Words   |  18 PagesCommunication facilities for disaster management System [pic] Over the last few decades, a numbers of countries have set up disaster management information systems according to their own specific needs. Disasters are unpredictable and occur suddenly like earthquake, floods, drought and cyclone etc. Communication facilities for disaster management system is most important act as it convey at the right time communication in disaster,it may handle disaster and helping to decrease it. Two typeRead MoreWhat Kind Of Neighboring Agencies Agreements Are Important?1674 Words   |  7 Pageson terrorist events, the response to most terrorist events can include civil disorders, public disruption, and devastation to infrastructure as well as the death of citizens. Devastation can depend on how well the area is trained in dealing with disasters and the type of terrorist event that is carried out. This essay will talk about using the current response of an area with little duty principle equipped with a non-permanent crisis supervision principal to address any terrorist events that occurRead MoreThe Disaster Of Tamil Nadu Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pageshappiness the deep depression over Bay of Bengal with the heavy rain brought the sadness to the various villages of coastal districts of Tamil Nadu state. The depression brought in gusty winds with the speed of 60-90 kms per hour throughout the day and out of 13 blocks of cuddalore districts the immediate rain affected the total 11 blocks and various villages. The disaster affected severely and left number of dead, rendered lakhs of hungry and homeless, flattened thousands of houses and buildingsRead MoreIncident Command System and the Role of Incident Commander669 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Incident Command System A hurricane is one of the natural disasters that wreck havoc destroying property, lives and infrastructure. During hurricane incidences, the incident commander has the obligation to carry out the tasks of; commanding, operations, planning, logistics, finance and administration of the whole process (Natural Hazards Center, 2006). He should therefore be in position to quickly make the following decisions. The incident commander (IC) should ensure that the rescue workers involvedRead MoreDisaster Management in Pakistan5849 Words   |  24 PagesDISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN Introduction 1. Due to diverse geo-climatic conditions prevalent in different parts of the globe, different types of natural disasters like floods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides, and volcanoes etc may strike according to the vulnerability of the area. 2. Pakistan, due to its diverse range of terrain, is susceptible to wide ranging hazards from droughts to floods and earthquakes to cyclones. Pakistan suffered a major drought from 1995-2000. Pakistan almostRead MoreDisaster Management4138 Words   |  17 PagesIndia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are prone to natural disasters of various kinds on a continual basis. Coupled with high population density, poverty, illiteracy and lack of infrastructure, the natural disasters kill thousands of people and leave a devastating impact on economy and environment. The importance of telecommunication in disaster management has been widely accepted since the early days of the development of radio communication. Disasters can strike without warning at any time of the day orRead MoreWhy I Got Into The Field Of Public Administration Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe reasons that I got into the field of public administration was the community needs and its’ lifeblood. Plus, I have this desire to constant improve the overall policies for the ideal of good government. Ever since I got into the graduate school for a Master of Public Administration at the San Diego State University. I came from a small town in the east and moved to one of major cities in the United States. Everything and everyone from there opened my eyes wide opened to the world and all of its’Read MoreThe Creation Of Fema And The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema )1555 Words   |  7 Pages1979, President Jimmy Carter signed the executive order that created t he Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). From day one, FEMA has remained committed to protecting and serving the American people. That commitment to the people we serve and the belief in our survivor centric mission will never change.† This is stated on fema.gov; this shows that FEMA was designed to be the leaders in effect for disasters that affect the people. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the action of leading a group of people

Auditing and Assurance Standards Board-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Explain how your results Influence your planning decisions for the audit for the year ending 30 June 2015 2.Explain why it is a risk and how it may affect the risk of Material Misstatement in the Financial Report . 3.Explain two key fraud risk factors relating to Misstatements arising from Fraudulent Financial reporting to which DIPL may be susceptible. Answers: 1.Analytical procedures are procedures those help the auditor in making auditor plan and plan how to conduct an audit, which areas of the companys financial report needs a greater number of procedures etc (Glover et al., 2000). Analytical procedures can be performed in two steps in first step auditor makes understanding regarding entity, business environment surrounded by entity, internal controls applied by entity in its daily operating procedures, this step is known as preliminary analytical procedure study (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2009) and in second step auditor calculates ratios from financial information as well as apply some statistical tools and this step is known as substantive analytical procedure (HIRST KOONCE, 1996). Preliminary analytical procedures on the company Double ink printers limited results that company is a public company, working in the service sector business enviournemnt. Copamys major service is to provide print on demand i.e. company prints various paper print materials for the clients for theire exact order requirment. The secondry way of earning revenue for the company is to provide e-books with titles of publishers, for providing this service company change commission as well as fees. Companys internal conrol from the view point of preliminary procedures seems good except for the non-application of seggeregation of duties. Application of substantive analytical procedures on the company will impact audit plans and audit procedures on the following way, 2013 2014 2015 Gross Profit 6004500 6079500 6604500 Revenue from Operations 34212000 37699500 43459500 Gross profit 17.55% 16.13% 15.20% Net profit 2359190 2291362 2972183 Revenue from Operations 34212000 37699500 43459500 Net profit ratio 6.90% 6.08% 6.84% Net profit ratios show profitability percentage of the company for total profit and gross profit ratio shows profitability percentage for profit from direct activities of the company. In the present case, net profit ratio is increased in 2015 even after a decrease in the gross profit ratio for the same year. This is unusual assertion hence this will impact audit procedures by an increase in a number of procedures for all assertions present in income statement especially those assertions which can be changed by an organization with own discretion like accousting estimates, valuation methods etc. Net profit 2359190 2291362 2972183 Total Assets 12930000 15903900 26147991 Return on asset 18.25% 14.41% 11.37% Net profit 2359190 2291362 2972183 Total Equity 9150000 10783650 12250491 Return on equity 25.78% 21.25% 24.26% Return on asset shows the profitability of company for total asset invested in the company and return on equity shows the profitability of company for total equity invested in the company. In the present case, return on equity is increased in 2015 and return on asset ratio decreased for the same year. Return on asset ratio decline due to higher investment in the assets of the company. This will impact audit procedures by an increase in a number of procedures for all transactions related to assets especially for the transactions related to assets purchase and method of asset valuation. Total Liabilities 3780000 5120250 13897500 Total Equity 9150000 10783650 12250491 Debt/ equity 41.31% 47.48% 113.44% EBIT 3454650 3357037 3867337 Interest expense 84379 83663 808038 Time interest 40.94 40.13 4.79 In the year 2015, companys debt increased with a very higher amount hence debt financing is also increased and entity becomes more leveraged. A Higher level of leverage increase risk because non-payment of debt related obligation may result in companys liquidation. Due to this debt-equity ratio increased and times interest ratio decreased during the year. This will impact audit procedures by an increase in a number of procedures for making understanding regarding the need for new debt capital. Accounts Receivables 2482500 4320000 5073309 * Days 365 365 365 Revenue from Operations 34212000 37699500 43459500 Days sales outstanding 26.49 41.83 42.61 Revenue from Operations 34212000 37699500 43459500 Accounts Receivables 2482500 4320000 5073309 Accounts receivable turnover ratio 13.78 8.73 8.57 Accounts receivable turnover ratio shows frequency of collecting debts by the company its receivables. Days sales outstanding in how many days company can convert its debts into cash. In the present case Accounts receivable turnover declined and days sales outstanding decline due to increase in accounts receivable. It indicates that company starts to give longer credit period which may increase bad debts. Hence auditor must make procedures regarding accounts receivable outstanding and check whether is there are any fake accounts receivable Revenue from Operations 34212000 37699500 43459500 Total Assets 12930000 15903900 26147991 Asset turnover ratio 2.65 2.37 1.66 Asset turnover ratio shows revenue earned by the company for per dollar investment in assets of the company. Higher the ratio better will be for the company. In the present case in 2015 this ratio declining due to huge investments in assets of the company. This will impact audit procedures by an increase in a number of procedures for all transactions related to assets especially for the transactions related to assets purchase and method of asset valuation. Current Assets 5385938 7509150 9600929 Current Liabilities 3780000 5120250 6397500 Current ratio 1.42 1.47 1.50 Quick Assets 3129750 4837788 5420429 Current Liabilities 3780000 5120250 6397500 Quick ratio 0.83 0.94 0.85 These both ratios show that how efficiently a company uses its short term assets for paying current obligations. Current ratio increased but quick ratio decreased it means current ratio increased due to increase in inventory. This will impact audit procedures by an increase in a number of procedures for all transactions related to inventory especially for the transactions related to inventory valuations and estimates related to the assertion of inventory like inventory obsolesce provision. Analytical procedures are procedures those help the auditor in making auditor plan and plan how to conduct an audit, which areas of the companys financial report needs a greater number of procedures etc. Results from these procedures will increase the procedures for the above mentioned assertions and transactions. 2.Risk assessment procedures are performed by organizations for examining the risk present in the financial reports which may misstate financial reports of the company significantly (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2011), due to which decisions of users of financial statements will effect considerably. This process is a relevant process for conduct of the audit. Under this process auditor of the organization obtain assurance that risk falsehood in the financial report is at the level which can be accepted by the auditor. Risk of significant falsehood in the financial statements can arise due to three reason i.e. due to nature of transactions, due to the absence of appropriate controls or due to non-detection significant falsehood by auditor because of the lower number of audit procedures. Risk arises because of first, second and third reasons termed as inherent risk, control risk, and detection risk respectively (Houston et al., 1999). In the present case in Double ink printers limited, following are inherent risk factors, Change in inventory valuation method In the present case Double ink printers limited change its method for estimating the carring amount of inventory. Previously company used average cost method where the average cost of all puchases applied to closing inventory, but in 2015 company stoped using average cost method and starts using first in fist out method, where inventory valuation made on the basis of the purchase price of units purchased just before the end of the period. Due to inflation first in first out method always provide higher inventory value. Incerease in carring amount of closing inventory incerease the amount of profit earned by copany during the year in the income statement. Incerease in the amount of profit earned by copany during the year in the income statement surely impacts the decisions of person useine financial repors for making decisions. Application of new IT system During the year company set new system for accounting processes. This system will be fully automated and will also integrate general ledger system of the company. This system imposed by the board of a company with pressure without having appropriate staff and after receiving complaints form IT department of the company after application of the system. Application of this system results in many problems like interfacing between the previous and new system, non-allocation of year end entries to the appropriate accounting year. Due to this transaction in the year, there may be a higher number of inappropriate allocations of significant transaction year end entries that can influence decisions of person useine financial repors for making decisions. 3.Fraud is an illegal activity which performed for enjoying unjust benefits. Fraud is an intentional act and cannot be interchanged with the error because the error is an unintentional act. Fraud is performed with the intention hence person making fraud use ways to cover that fraud. Fraud is covered by fraudster hence there is a higher chance of non-detection of fraud in comparison of a chance of non-detection of error (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2013). Fraud risk arises when any person comes under the pressure of showing the better position of the financial report in comparison of the actual position of financial report or it can arise when any person having a higher level of privileges (Knapp Knapp, 2001). Fraud can be initiated at any level of the organizations management, staff or employee. In the present case following are the fraud risk factors arise, Fraud risk factor Company changes its method for estimating the carring amount of inventory. Previously company used average cost method but in 2015 company stoped using average cost method and starts using first in fist out method, Due to inflation first in first out method always provide higher inventory value. In addition to this company stopped making inventory absolance reserve. The company took a loan during the year 2015 for BDO finance company which includes a condition that loan can be recalled by financing company due to the non maintenance of current ratio at least one. In previous year company made an investment in the net assets of Nuclear Publishing limited company. A company by stating the reason that this companys book data is worthy and useful for increasing revenue from e-books. Identification of fraud risk factor Connecting both transactions with each other emerge the doubt of the presence of fraud risk factor because the company needs to increase current ratio for meeting financial companys condition. Current ratio can be increased by an increase in inventory value. Incerease in carring amount of closing inventory incerease a number of current assets. Incerease in the current assets incerease current ratio and results in satisfaction of loan condition. In current year a journal article reveals that book data of Nuclear Publishing limited can be loose its value due to the implication of new theory. This article emerges as fraud risk factor due to arise of doubt of misappropriating of companys resources for taking unjust benefits. Impact on audit This Identification of fraud risk factor will increase the audit procedures for the inventory valuation and professional skepticism of auditor. This Identification of fraud risk factor will increase the audit procedures for having knowledge regarding the reliability of journal article. Auditor will also make the procedure to know whether person initiated the purchase of net assets of Nuclear Publishing limited company was aware regarding new theory or not. References Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2009. ASA 520 Analytical Procedures. [Online] Available at: www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_520_27-10-09.pdf [Accessed August 23 2017]. Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2009. Auditing Standard ASA 200 Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. [Online] Available at: https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_200_27-10-09.pdf [Accessed 23 august 2017]. Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2011. Auditing Standard ASA 315 Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment. [Online] Available at: file:///F:/GS%20Solution%20(60%20paise)/Aug/16/risk%20assement%20procedure.pdf [Accessed 23 august 2017]. Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2013. Auditing Standard ASA 240 The Auditor's Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of a Financial Report. [Online] Available at: https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/Nov13_Compiled_Auditing_Standard_ASA_240.pdf [Accessed 2017 August 23]. Glover, S.M., Jiambalvo, J. Kennedy, J., 2000. Analytical Procedures and Audit?Planning Decisions. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice Theory, pp.27-45. HIRST, D.E. KOONCE, L., 1996. Audit Analytical Procedures: A Field Investigation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 13(2), pp.457-86. Houston, R.W., Peters, M.F. Pratt, J.H., 1999. The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk, and Audit?Planning Decisions. The Accounting Review, 74(3), pp.281-98. Knapp, C.A. Knapp, M.C., 2001. The effects of experience and explicit fraud risk assessment in detecting fraud with analytical procedures. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 26(1), pp.25-37.

Sexual discrimination in education, work,income, and law free essay sample

Sexual discrimination can happen in education, work, income and law. Before I go further with some examples, let’s define â€Å"sexual discrimination†. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission states that sex discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of that persons sex. It goes on by adding that sex discrimination also can involve treating someone less favorably because of his or her connection with an organization or group that is generally associated with people of a certain sex. Consequently, sexual discrimination can be found in education, work, income and law. First, sexual discrimination can be applied in several educational program or activities. For example, an educational institution can grant more scholarships to men than women. Men or women can be discriminated against in the admission process, admitting men or women in some specific academic programs or major, providing sufficient funding for man athlete and not for women athlete. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual discrimination in education, work,income, and law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To cite some more examples, being more assertive in disciplining men than women, and grading students based on sex. All of these are some examples of sexual discrimination in education. However, the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs or activities, provides the cornerstone of federal law ensuring equal educational opportunity (civilrights.org). Sexual discrimination is common in the workplace. For instance, a boss not hiring a woman for a position that is traditionally held by a man because he thinks that she won’t fit, paying man and woman differently for the same job with the same qualifications based on sex, not promoting a woman for a higher position because the boss thinks that her subordinate won’t respect her authority (humanrightscommission.vic.gov). Seeking sexual favors, unwanted sexual advances and physical harassment of a sexual nature is also a form of discrimination in the workplace. It is commonly called sexual harassment. I can also add that sometimes men have  more benefits than women in the workplace. The Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the federal law prohibiting sexual discrimination in the workplace. Even though equity in remuneration became a civil rights goal in the 70’s and made some progress toward it, a significant gap still remains ( Vincent Parrillo, page 359). An example of sexual discrimination in income would be that a man earns more money than a woman for doing the same job, with the same experience or qualification(s). The National Women’s Law Center reported that women today are paid, on average, only 77 cents for every dollar paid to men. On January 2009, President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act to help women fight back against pay discrimination (barackobama.com). Sexual discrimination can occur when the law enforcement conducts an investigation for â€Å"violence against women, including sexual assault and domestic violence† (blogs.justice.gov). The Civil Right Division conducted an investigation on the New Orleans police department in 2012. They found that police officers tend to use unreasonable or unnecessary force when arresting a man. They also found that when investigating a sexual assault or a domestic violence case, women are more trusted than men. Police officers tend to believe the version of what happened from the women and think that the man is not telling the truth. Another example could be a police officer not giving a traffic ticket to a woman because she is pretty. To summarize, sexual discrimination is a major issue in society. Either men or women can experience sexual discrimination in education, work, income, and law. There are many laws that protect people from sexual discrimination. However, it still happens out there and it is the responsibility of everyone to report any sign(s) of sexual discrimination to the authorities.

How important was individuality to the composers of the Clas essays

How important was individuality to the composers of the Clas essays In order to assess how important individuality was to composers of the Classical period the question of what exactly individuality is must first be tackled. It can be defined as the aggregate of qualities and characteristics that distinguish one person or thing from others and in a musical context I believe this would refer most specifically to style and overall effect. It is perhaps easiest to detect individuality by simply listening to a piece of music, (although conductors and performers interpretations must be acknowledged), and it is then possible to analyse the music in detail in order to locate the specific devices, harmonies and textures which give it this unique sound and effect. During the Baroque period a great deal of music was composed explicitly for a particular means or setting such as the church. It is therefore not entirely surprising that the word individuality has come to be associated less with this period and more with that of the Classical and composers such a s Haydn, Beethoven and Mozart. The Classical period and the emergence of the galant style, brought with them a much greater interest in public displays of music than had previously been prevalent. It is therefore likely that this was one reason behind composers striving for a more individual style. Less complicated (more homophonic) textures than in the Baroque period also allowed more scope for composers of the time to experiment with style and so take a more individual approach. There was more focus on melody, sharp contrasts, contrasting phrasing within movements, and antecedent and consequent phrases. The use of one mood to unify a whole movement was abandoned and many new musical forms were introduced. Of these one of the most prominent was the string quartet. The string quartet (A composition for four solo string instruments, usually two violins, viola and cello ) was born out of the divertimento &ndas...

Free Essays on Algerias Colonialism

Before discussing the experience of colonization of French in Algeria, it is necessary to give a definition of the term â€Å"Colonialism† as used in the following context. According to the Dictionary of Social Sciences, the term represents â€Å"the system of political and economic administration whereby a dominant country controls and exploits the resources of dominated peoples, who are often of a different culture.† Likewise, in the Dictionary of Critical Social Sciences, a colony is defined as â€Å"a poor or weak country that is occupied by the military and/or police forces of a more powerful country.† It seems that French control of Algeria definitely meets the dictionary definition of colonialism. Back in early African history, Europeans colonized and infiltrated African civilizations in order to make a profit and to be known as a superior nation. By doing this, European colonists changed and transformed the traditional African lifestyle. African’s were willing to let the colonists join them, but the Europeans went too far when they took over governments and tried to rule over the Africans. This colonization led to many problems in Africa that still affect modern day Africa. According to the European Colonization map, it shows that France and Great Britain ruled most of the Northern Part of Africa. There were two ways to rule colonies; direct rule (French) and indirect rule (Great Britain). The difference between these two different types of governing was that indirect rule was when a local chief or leader ruled the colony, but was used as just a messenger from a higher power of authority, in this case, the British. The British would make the laws for the ruler to enforce, and he would do it. In the case of direct rule, the country that colonized the country, ruled it. The French ruled their colonies in Africa and enforced their own rules, rather than let a local leader do it. And a good example of this is Algeria. In ... Free Essays on Algeria's Colonialism Free Essays on Algeria's Colonialism Before discussing the experience of colonization of French in Algeria, it is necessary to give a definition of the term â€Å"Colonialism† as used in the following context. According to the Dictionary of Social Sciences, the term represents â€Å"the system of political and economic administration whereby a dominant country controls and exploits the resources of dominated peoples, who are often of a different culture.† Likewise, in the Dictionary of Critical Social Sciences, a colony is defined as â€Å"a poor or weak country that is occupied by the military and/or police forces of a more powerful country.† It seems that French control of Algeria definitely meets the dictionary definition of colonialism. Back in early African history, Europeans colonized and infiltrated African civilizations in order to make a profit and to be known as a superior nation. By doing this, European colonists changed and transformed the traditional African lifestyle. African’s were willing to let the colonists join them, but the Europeans went too far when they took over governments and tried to rule over the Africans. This colonization led to many problems in Africa that still affect modern day Africa. According to the European Colonization map, it shows that France and Great Britain ruled most of the Northern Part of Africa. There were two ways to rule colonies; direct rule (French) and indirect rule (Great Britain). The difference between these two different types of governing was that indirect rule was when a local chief or leader ruled the colony, but was used as just a messenger from a higher power of authority, in this case, the British. The British would make the laws for the ruler to enforce, and he would do it. In the case of direct rule, the country that colonized the country, ruled it. The French ruled their colonies in Africa and enforced their own rules, rather than let a local leader do it. And a good example of this is Algeria. In ...

Carefully explain what economists mean by efficiency. Using examples Essay - 1

Carefully explain what economists mean by efficiency. Using examples from the real world where appropriate, explain why economists consider Monopolies to be i - Essay Example Efficiency can never be complete, and it always needs to be measured in relation to certain criteria. For economic efficiency the basic criterion is value, so that changes that tend to increase value are deemed efficient and changes that decrease it are thought to be inefficient. However, a state of affairs that can be qualified as economically efficient need not necessarily remain efficient when viewed from the point of view of other criteria. So, value is not only a relative quality but a subjective one as well because something has value only if there are those who want it. In this situation a question arises as to how can one be sure that value is maximised? One of the traditional answers of economists to this questions is contained in what is known as Pareto optimality, named so after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto who postulated that if a change can leave somebody better off than before, and at the same time will not make situation of others worse, then the initial situation was not the one of the highest possible value because an improvement could yet be introduced (Wikipedia, 2006). And when the highest possible value is obtained, then any change that may improve one`s condition must inevitably be harmful for somebody else. This situation was defined by Pareto as allocative efficiency. Economists are concerned about economic efficiency for two reasons. The positive reason of their interest stems from the fact that people are seeking value, and this search can take place in any social circumstances so that on condition that enough money can be obtained people are ready to go for immoral, risky, and criminal occupations. From the theoretical point of view we can attribute this quest for value to the mentioned striving to maximise utility and profit, and when situations emerge that an unexploited value exists which is possible but not yet captured economists usually need to provide an account of why no ways are found to utilise this value. Thus,